Juliets Monologues From Shakespeares Tragedy

Who is the protagonist of Romeo and Juliet? Do both titular characters share that role  equally? Typically, stories and plays focus on one protagonist and the rest are supporting characters (with an antagonist or two thrown in for good measure). With Romeo and Juliet, some might argue that Romeo is the main character because he gets more stage time, not to mention a couple of sword fights, too. However, Juliet experiences a great deal of family pressure, as well as an ongoing inner conflict. If we label the protagonist as the character that experiences the deepest level of conflict, then maybe the story is really about this young girl, swept up by her emotions and caught up in what will become the most tragic love story in the English language. Here are some key moments in the life of Juliet Capulet. Each monologue reveals the growth of her character. The Balcony Scene. II ii 36 In her most famous speech and her first monologue, Juliet wonders why the newfound love (or is it lust?) of her life is cursed with the last name Montague, the long-standing enemy of her family. This scene takes place after Romeo and Juliet met at the Capulets party. Romeo, infatuated, wandered his way back into Capulets gardens right to Juliets balcony. At the same time, Juliet comes out, unaware of Romeos presence, and ponders her situation out loud. The monologue beings with the now-famous line: O Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo? This line is often misinterpreted as Juliet asking about Romeos whereabouts. However, wherefore in Shakesperean English meant why. Juliet is thus questioning her own fate of falling in love with the enemy. She then continues to plead, still thinking she is alone: Deny thy father and refuse thy name;Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love,And Ill no longer be a Capulet. This passage reveals that the two families have an antagonist history, and Romeo and Juliets love would be difficult to pursue. Juliet wishes Romeo would give up his family but is also ready to give up hers. To soothe herself, she rationalizes as to why she should continue to love Romeo, saying that a name is superficial and does not necessarily make up a person. Tis but thy name that is my enemy;Thou art thyself, though not a Montague.Whats Montague? it is nor hand, nor foot,Nor arm, nor face, nor any other partBelonging to a man. O, be some other name!Whats in a name? that which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweet; Declarations of Love. II ii 90 Later in the same scene, Juliet discovers that Romeo has been in the garden all along, overhearing her confessions. Since their emotions arent a secret anymore, the two star-crossed lovers profess their affections openly. Here are some lines from Juliets monologue  and an explanation in modern English. Thou knowst the mask of night is on my face,Else would a maiden blush bepaint my cheekFor that which thou hast heard me speak to-nightFain would I dwell on form, fain, fain denyWhat I have spoke: but farewell compliment! Juliet is glad it is night time and Romeo cannot see how red she is from the embarrassment of breaking conventions and letting him overhear all she has said. Juliet wishes she could have kept up her good manners. But, realizing it is too late for that, she accepts the situation and becomes more straightforward.   Dost thou love me? I know thou wilt say Ay,And I will take thy word: yet if thou swearst,Thou mayst prove false; at lovers perjuriesThen say, Jove laughs. [...] In this passage, Juliet displays the disposition of a person in love. She knows that Romeo loves her, but at the same time is anxious to hear it from him, and even then she wants to make sure he isnt simply falsely exaggerating. Juliets Choice.  IV iii 21 In her last longer monologue, Juliet takes a big risk by deciding to trust in the friars plan to fake her own death and wake within the tomb, where Romeo should be waiting for her. Here, she contemplates the potential danger of her decision, unleashing a combination of fear and determination. Come, vial.What if this mixture do not work at all?Shall I be married then to-morrow morning?No, no: this shall forbid it: lie thou there.(Laying down her dagger.) As Juliet is about to take the poison, she wonders what would happen if it doesnt work and she is afraid. Juliet would rather kill herself than marry someone new. The dagger here represents her plan B. What if it be a poison, which the friarSubtly hath ministerd to have me dead,Lest in this marriage he should be dishonourd,Because he married me before to Romeo?I fear it is: and yet, methinks, it should not,For he hath still been tried a holy man. Juliet is second-guessing whether or not the friar is being honest with her. Is the potion a sleeping potion or a lethal one? Since the friar married the couple in secret, Juliet is nervous that he might be now trying to cover up what he did by killing her in case he gets in trouble with either the Capulets or Montagues. In the end, Juliet calms herself by saying the friar is a holy man and wouldnt trick her. How if, when I am laid into the tomb,I wake before the time that RomeoCome to redeem me? theres a fearful point!Shall I not, then, be stifled in the vault,To whose foul mouth no healthsome air breathes in,And there die strangled ere my Romeo comes? Thinking of other worst-case scenarios, Juliet wonders what would happen if the sleeping potion wore off before Romeo could remove her from the tomb and she suffocated to death.  She ponders that if she wakes up alive, she might be so afraid of the darkness and all the dead bodies, with their horrible smells, that she might go crazy. But in the end, Juliet rashly decides to take the potion as she exclaims: Romeo, I come! This do I drink to thee.

The European Convention Of Human Rights - 1657 Words

The European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) can be defined as an international agreement initiated within the Council of Europe, which was established in 1949 in Strasbourg in France in order to unify Europe after the Second World War (Harries et al., 2014; O Boyle, 2014). According to Donald et al., (2012), United Kingdom was among the first countries to adopt and has played an important role in ECHR creation at that time. In 1966, the petition and jurisdiction of UK’s citizens was voluntary and individuals was able to take a case and jurisdictions to the ECtHR in Strasbourg. Latterly, in 1998 this process become compulsory for all countries that are members of the (ECHR). Since that time, European countries has become covered under this agreement as a form of legal system in the unify area. However, it could be argued that the UK has the least number of cases in the ECtHR in Strasbourg. O Boyle (2014. P. 15) stated that â€Å"The UK has a very low ‘rate of defeat’ at Strasbourg. Of the nearly 12,000 applications brought against the UK between 1999 and 2010, the vast majority fell at the first hurdle†. Further they stated that, â€Å"Only three per cent (390 applications) were declared admissible. An even smaller proportion of applications - 1.8 per cent (215) - eventually resulted in a judgment finding a violation†, which in terms means that the UK has lost only 1 out of 50 of the cases that took place in the UK. Thus, some one could argue and question the extant that thisShow MoreRelatedThe European Convention On Human Rights1492 Words   |  6 Pagesthat is italicized needs to be rewritten The European Convention on Human Rights. Exactly what is it and what are its aims? Its an international treaty which only member States of the Council of Europe may sign. The Convention lays a basic groundwork of all rights and guarantees which the States have to be held to. These rights include the freedom of though, expression, conscience, religion, effective remedy, peace enjoyment of possessions, and the right to vote and to stand for election. However,Read MoreThe European Convention On Human Rights1704 Words   |  7 PagesThe European Convention on Human Rights was drafted in 1950. The UK and other 47 states have signed up. It is based on a series of articles and each of them protects a basic human right, allowing people to live free and respected lives. All the signatory states have to respect the fundamental civil rights which include: the right to life (article 2); prohibition of torture(article 3); the prohibition of slavery and forced labour(article 4); the right to liberty and security(article 5); the rightRead MoreThe European Convention On Human Rights2782 Words   |  12 Pagesholocaust, where humans were exploited was seen by many. 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An example of it would be  «Theft Act 1968 ». It is the first and primary source of law and it is created by proposing a Bill in Parliament. After three readings of the bill in House of Commons and House of LordsRead MoreDefinition Of Media Freedom Of Expression Under Article 10 Of The Human Rights Act And The European Convention On1676 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 3 - Explanation of Media Freedom of Expression under Article 10 of the Human Rights Act and the European Convention on Human Rights On the 2nd October 2000, the Human Rights Act 1998 came into force as the most important privacy statute to further strengthen the UK domestic law by affording the rights introduced by the European Convention on Human Rights. The HRA 1998 have been introduced with a wide and comprehensive scope as it applies to most domestic public authorities and bodies including:Read MoreThe European Convention On Human Rights1978 Words   |  8 PagesWith a number of recent high profile court rulings and a major new Regulation in the works, data privacy has become a cause cà ©là ¨bre within the European Union (EU). The size and connectivity of the European market means that shifts in its regulatory framework ripple with major consequences for global business. The EU’s latest attempts to legislate in this area are a consequence of shortcomings in the design and implementation of the existing system of data collection, retention and safeguarding.Read MoreChallenges Facing The European Convention On Human Rights1820 Words   |  8 Pagescitizenship enabling migration and cultural clashes, whilst also looking at the statute that enables free movement of goods and people, resulting in mass immigration and the Eu ropean Convention on Human Rights. This paper will evaluate EU principles that affect the UK constitution, such as the European Convention on Human Rights, the Costa v ENEL (1964) CMLR 425 case being evidence proving that the EU will face challenges concerning its law being more superior than national law, Van Gend en loos (1963)Read MoreChallenges Facing The European Convention On Human Rights1823 Words   |  8 Pagescitizenship enabling migration and cultural clashes, whilst also looking at the statute that enables free movement of goods and people, resulting in mass immigration and the European Convention on Human Rights. This paper will evaluate EU principles that affect the UK constitution, such as the European Convention on Human Rights, the Costa v ENEL (1964) CMLR 425 case being evidence proving that the EU will face challenges concerning its law being more superior than national law, Van Gend en loos (1963)

The Legalization of Marijuana An Argumentative Essay

Legalization of Marijuana When it comes to the American war on drugs, marijuana is one of the biggest enemies. And in view of the fact that alcohol and tobacco, two life threatening substances, are officially permitted it is a pertinent question to ask why marijuana is not (Chopra et al 2002). The taxpayers of America can to a degree answer this question when they fill out their tax forms and when they hear the ruthless oratory used against marijuana by the government. The reality that marijuana is illegal is to a considerable degree caused by the extent of money, jobs, and pride that has already been invested in the HYPERLINK http://www.123helpme.com/search.asp?text=drug+war drug war. It is a point of no return. If the government legalizes marijuana they will be wasting billions of dollars that has been invested all through these years (Chopra et al 2002). Enhancements in law enforcement endeavors was aimed in reducing drug trafficking by enforcing further strict legal sanctions for convicted drug cartels, but the sheer size of the revenues generates from drug business dominates the threat of penalty. The global drug operation is estimated to produce $300 billion to $400 billion every year. Such a outsized revenues besides providing a strong motivation to deal in drug, gives them access to latest, state of- the- art technological edge. Since the traffickers have a superior budget than drug enforcement agencies, they have resources to come up with more advances andShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay : Legalization Of Marijuana1387 Words   |  6 PagesAmanda Montoya April 14, 2014 Kathy severance Argumentative essay #2 Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana has been used in religious ceremonies or for medical purposes for thousands of years. 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Marijuana thrived until the earlyRead MoreMarijuana Legalization Argumentative Essay1060 Words   |  5 PagesSpanish brought marijuana to the New World. It was introduced in Jamestown in 1611, where it became a major commercial crop grown as an innocent source of fiber (specifically, hemp). By 1927, the production and possession of marijuana had been outlawed throughout the United States, causing a prohibition that is still in effect 80 years later. Since then, the world has seen the violent rise of drug cartels and the high price of fighting illegal marijuana use (Narconon). Marijuan a should be legalizedRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Legalization Of Marijuana901 Words   |  4 PagesThe legalization of Marijuana is a topic that has been discussed for many years. It has had many support as well as opposition. This topic has caused a lot of controversy over the years. 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Duke, CannabisRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized For The Best Of Society?1742 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana is one of the most controversial discussions to consider in various countries due to the numerous debates between citizens to legalize or criminalize the drug for the best of society. In countries such as Colombia, Netherlands, and various states in United States (Colorado, Washington, and Oregon), marijuana is legalized for recreational and medical purposes, which is obtainable to all citizens. However, in countries such as Canada, marijuana remains illegal for recreational use, whichRead MoreArgumentive Essay1121 Words   |  5 Pagesà ¯ » ¿ Argumentative Essay Legalization of Marijuana Ashley Bassett Eng. 1301 Instructor: Pam Hesser pg.1 The recreational use of Marijuana should be legalized. According to the New York Times The social costs of the marijuana laws are vast. There were 658,000 arrests for marijuana possession in 2012, according to F.B.I. Figures compared with 256,000 for cocaine, heroin and their derivatives. Even worse, the result is racist, falling disproportionately on young

The Last Protected Class Discriminated Against Within The...

The last protected class discriminated against within the hospitality industry that will be examined is religion. Everyone has their own beliefs, and practices their own faith, but at times these practices can interfere with one’s job opportunities and livelihood. In the case, Christian Emergency Services Supervisory Officer Denied Religious Accommodation and Subjected to Harassment at Keystone Resort, the victim, Lisa Marie Cornwell, an emergency services supervisor at the Keystone Resort, was subjected to harassment for not only her Christian religion but for her gender as well. She was denied religious accommodation and treated less favorably than her male counterparts. The EEOC said that Cornwell’s supervisor, Rick Garcia, banned her and another Christian employee from discussing their Christian beliefs and would not allow them to listen to Christian music while on duty. Moreover, according to the EEOC, Garcia ridiculed Cornwell for asking for scheduling accommodati on so that she could attend her desired religious services, and denied her requests while scheduling lower ranking officers for the shifts she requested. On top of that, Cornwall was also sexually harassed, so she went through a lot. According to the EEOC, Cornwell could have been scheduled so that she could attend her religious services, without any cost or disruption to Vail’s business operations, and the company was required by law to make an accommodation. Also, Title VII prohibits workplace harassmentShow MoreRelatedEntrepreneurship in Pakistan20067 Words   |  81 PagesIntroduction 1 2. Understanding Entrepreneurship 2 (a) What Makes up an Entrepreneurial Economy? 5 (b) Entrepreneurship as Rent-seeking 5 3. The Nature of Pakistani State 7 4. How Did Entrepreneurship Develop in Pakistan? 9 (a) The Big Push for Industry 9 (b) The Neglect of the â€Å"Small† 11 (c) Agriculture and the Elite Bias 12 (d) Subsidies for Export 13 5. The Unintended Consequences 14 (a) Inequality and Bank Defaults 14 (b) Crippled Innovation 15 (c) Rent-seeking and Land Development 16 Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesEmployer Organization (PEO) 47 Shared Services 47 HRM in an Entrepreneurial Enterprise 48 HRM in a Global Environment 48 HR and Corporate Ethics Summary 50 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 51 Key Terms 51 52 HRM Workshop 49 Guarding Against Discrimination Practices 65 DID YOU KNOW?: Is a Problem Brewing? 66 Determining Potential Discriminatory Practices 66 The 4/5ths Rule 66 Restricted Policy 66 Geographical Comparisons 67 McDonnell-Douglas Test 67 Responding to an EEO Charge 67 Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagestwentieth century. And the reunification of Germany and the reemergence of international terrorism, which were powerfully symptomatic of the unprecedented reach and intensity of the processes of globalization on either side of the otherwise unremarkable last and first years of the old and new millennia, represented both a return to trends reminiscent of the opening decades of the twentieth century and a major break from the prevailing dynamics of the cold war. In addition to the problems posed for conceptualizingRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 PagesGlobal entrepreneurship in an emerging market C A S E T W O DaimlerChrysler: Corporate governance dynamics in a global company C A S E T H R E E Gunns and the greens: Governance issues in Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in the Sydney indie music industry C A S E F I V E Nucor in 2005 C A S E S I X News Corp in 2005: Consolidating the DirecTV acquisition C A S E S E V E N Shanghai Volkswagen: Implementing project management in the electrical engineering division C A S E E I G H T Television New Zealand:Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBaskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission

United States Unique Position in the World Economy

Questions: 1. Does the United States' unique position in the world economy allow the country to safely run persistent external deficits?2. Can persistent U.S. deficits in the current and payments accounts be adjusted without bringing about economic recession or crisis? Answer: 1. As per the records of U.S balance of payments, it has been time and again mentioned that this part of U.S economy is confusing as well as rarely understood by people. These developments leads to uncertain ripple in the market, and close evaluation of issues show that the issues are grave and there are hardly any short or medium term solutions to the structural reasons (Schneider, 2004). After analyzing the issues it may be mentioned that U.S suffering from account deficit as the people wish to invest more in U.S. The present situation of the country is politically stable, and supports high potential growth rate. In comparison to other growing country, U.S offers higher rates of economic growth. The deficit in U.S economy is viewed as a negative impact on the U.S financial conditions. Some of the key issues which dragged the situation into such a troublesome scenario are, rise in the foreign indebtedness which leads to suffer from financial problems with time, a high level of dollar depreciation that is essential to handle the situation and in an extreme situation foreigners refuse to offer financial assistance to U.S and help to handle the deficit condition (Sekishita, 2001). As far as the current economic conditions are concerned in spite of poor economic deficit, the U.S still enjoys advantage in the present situation and it does not need to borrow in money in the traditional sense. Market evaluation ensures that in spite of trouble condition investors are still attracted towards U.S due to attractive return on investment which is much higher than any other country could offer. Besides this the size, scope, openness and the liquidity of U.S capital market and also the role of dollar is premium in the world economy hence preferred for investment, transaction purpose as well as reserves currency (Jorgenson and Wessner, 2006). The rate of interest as per the evaluation of Deustche bank are specifically identified after analyzing the situation of the U.S money along with the capital market instead of being ordered by the lenders. The investors follow the terms mentioned by the government and in spite of problems; U.S is capable of handling its external defi cit with its own currency (Schneider, 2004). Such an easy and comfortable finance management technique helps the U.S economy to sustain in spite of suffering form account deficits. Economists like Milton Friedman mentioned that U.S is suffering from deficit as the foreigners constantly desire to invest in the country. Thus after researching on the given topic it may be inferred that though there are chances of shifting investment to other countries due to the financial deficit condition, however in reality such chances of shifting to other places for capital investment is little as U.S offers extraordinary returns and such high return on investment is a huge advantage for any business. Thus since the alternative of investing is limited and investing in Asian countries such as Japan or China demands adhering to localized strategies and also following unique policies for business enhancement. Such restrictions are not there in U.S, besides this return in dollar ensures high return when invested. Therefore it may be inferred that in spite of various issues regarding the deficit in account, U.S will still remain as investors preferred destination. 2. It is possible that the persistence of the US deficits in the current and payments accounts can be adjusted without bringing about economic recession or crisis. Thought, this is not the easy prospect yet it can be said that the situation is not some hypothetical. It is true that the persistence of US deficits which is coupled with the enhancing international debt might pose a threat on the financial system of the country. There are some of the issues which have further aggravated the treat of rescission, such as the disparity of the economic growth, as compared to other economies of the world the US economy grows at a faster level owing to the productive factors of the nation and demographic aspects, therefore it can be said that the growth potentials of the economy can be proved to be harmful if not managed properly (Schneider, 2004). Another factor which is to be monitored properly apart from the growth disparity of the nation it is the over the fear of resulting external deficits. There is a probability that due to the external deficits causing from the factors such as the high elasticity resulting from the imports, then the increase reliance of the outsourcing factors and industrial cooperation and the function of dollars in relation to the global currency reserve (Quora.com, 2015). Therefore, in respect it can be said basing on the economic theories that a slow and steady deduction in the current account deficit would help protect the economy from facing any recessions or the financial crunch. Moreover, the structure of the Gross Domestic Product of the nation is of ample importance for nation due to the fact that a considerable portion of it is the resulting from lending to the international banks due to the other foreign investments. It is true that the reduction of the value of dollar would have an adverse effect on the part of financing yet it would not pose a threat for the balance of payment deficits. Moreover, it cannot be denied that from the angle of economic growth the US has always been an example for the other from the view of the effective resource utilizations and its management of the financial system, yet the financial crisis of 2007 has been a major setback for the nation (Iie.com, 2015). However, from the major setback the nation has further strengthened the hold over the financial aspects of the country so that it would be able to exercise control over the financial factors and help the economy from the any devastating recession (Economicshelp.org, 2015). Therefore, it can be said that though the U.S. deficits in the current and payments accounts is persistent but it is possible that the same can be adjusted without bringing about economic recession or crisis. References Ashbee, E. (2010). The US economy today. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Economicshelp.org, (2015). Problems of a current account deficit | Economics Help. [online] Available at: https://www.economicshelp.org/macroeconomics/bop/probs-balance-payments-deficit/ [Accessed 16 Mar. 2015]. Iie.com, (2015). The Current Account Deficit and the US Economy. [online] Available at: https://www.iie.com/publications/testimony/print.cfm?ResearchId=705doc=pub [Accessed 16 Mar. 2015]. Jorgenson, D. and Wessner, C. (2006). Measuring and sustaining the new economy. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. Quora.com, (2015). Does the United States's unique position in the world economy allow the country to safely run persistent external deficits? - Quora. [online] Available at: https://www.quora.com/Does-the-United-Statess-unique-position-in-the-world-economy-allow-the-country-to-safely-run-persistent-external-deficits [Accessed 16 Mar. 2015]. Schneider, S. (2004). Current Issues. The U.S. balance of payments: widespread misconceptions and exaggerated worries. [online] Available at: https://file:///C:/Users/iit/Downloads/229083_2069373940_ECN500-DeutscheBankResearch.pdf [Accessed 16 Mar. 2015]. Sekishita, M. (2001). Globalization and U.S. Economy. The International Economy, 2001(52), pp.7-29. Zampetti, A. (2006). Fairness in the world economy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

Lifespan development free essay sample

Human development  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Studying change and constancy throughout the lifespan. Basic Issues in Lifespan  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Continuous or discontinuous?  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ One course of development or many?  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Nature or nurture? The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Development as lifelong.  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Development as multidimensional and multidirectional.  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Development as plastic.  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Development as embedded in multiple context:  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ age-graded influences  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ history-graded influences  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ nonnormative influences Periods of Development Prenatal Conception to birth Infancy and toddlerhood Birth to 2 years Early childhood 2 to 6 years Middle childhood 6 to 11 years Adolescence 11 to 18 years Early adulthood 18 to 40 years Middle adulthood 40 to 65 years Late adulthood 65 years to death Scientific Beginnings  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Scientific study of human development dates back to the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Charles Darwin (1809-1882)  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Forefather of scientific child study.  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Natural selection and survival of the fittest.  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The normative period  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) à  Ã¯Æ'   founder of the child study movement and Arnold Gesell (1880-1961).  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Both were known because of their normative approach to development. Scientific Beginnings (cont.)  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The mental testing movement  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Alfred Binet (1857-1911) à  Ã¯Æ'   created an intelligence test which sparked interest in individual differences. Mid-Twentieth Century Theories  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ In the mid-twentieth century, human development expanded into a legitimate discipline. As it attracted increasing interest, a variety of theories emerged, each of which still has followers today:  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The psychoanalytic perspective  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ People move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. The way these conflicts are resolved determines the person’s ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety. Mid-Twentieth Century Theories (cont.)  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The psychoanalytic perspective (cont.)  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) à  Ã¯Æ'   parts of personality and psychosexual development.  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Erik Erikson (1902-1994) à  Ã¯Æ'   psychosocial development.  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Behaviorism  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ An approach that views directly observable events as the appropriate focus of study.  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Traditional behaviorism: John B. Watson (1878-1958) à  Ã¯Æ'   classical conditioning and B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) à  Ã¯Æ'   operant conditioning Freud s Three Parts of the Personality nï  ® Id nï  ® nï  ® nï  ® Ego nï  ® nï  ® nï  ® Superego nï  ® largest portion of the mind unconscious, present at birth source of biological needs/desires conscious, rational part of mind emerges in early infancy redirects id impulses acceptably the conscience develops from ages 3 to 6 from interactions with caregivers Erikson s Psychosocial Stages Basic trust vs. mistrust Birth to 1 year Autonomy vs. shame/doubt 1–3 years Initiative vs. guilt 3–6 years Industry vs. inferiority 6–11 years Identity vs. role confusion Adolescence Intimacy vs. isolation Early adulthood Generativity vs. stagnation Middle adulthood Integrity vs. despair Late adulthood Behaviorism and Social Learning Classical conditioning Stimulus–response Operant conditioning Reinforcers and punishments Social learning Modeling Mid-Twentieth Century Theories (cont.)  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Behaviorism (cont.)  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Social learning theory: proposed by Albert Bandura à  Ã¯Æ'   emphasized on modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning.  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Cognitive-developmental theory  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Inspired by Jean Piaget à  Ã¯Æ'   children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world:  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Sensorimotor – birth to 2 yrs.  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Preoperational – 2 to 7 yrs.  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Concrete operational – 7 to 11 yrs.  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Formal operational – 11 yrs. onwards Recent Theoretical Perspectives  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Information processing  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ An approach that views the human mind as a symbolmanipulating system through which information flows.  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Ethology and evolutionary developmental psychology  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Ethology is concerned with the adaptive or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history.  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Evolutionary seeks to understand the adaptive value of specieswide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as those competencies change with age. Recent Theoretical Perspectives (cont.)  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ It focuses on how culture – the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group – is transmitted to the next generations.  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Social interaction – cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society – is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that made up a community’s culture. Recent Theoretical Perspectives (cont.)  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Ecological systems theory  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005) views the person as developing within a complex system of relations affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment:  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Macrosystem  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Exosystem  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Mesosystem  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Microsystem Studying Development  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Common research methods:  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Systematic observation à  Ã¯Æ'   naturalistic and structured observations  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Self reports à  Ã¯Æ'   clinical and structured interviews  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Clinical, or case study method  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Methods for studying culture à  Ã¯Æ'   ethnography Studying Development (cont.)  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ General research designs:  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Correlational design à  Ã¯Æ'   correlation coefficient  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Experimental design à  Ã¯Æ'   IV/DV  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Modified experimental designs à  Ã¯Æ'   field experiment/quasi  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Designs for studying development:  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Longitudinal design à  Ã¯Æ'   same group at different times  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Cross-sectional design à  Ã¯Æ'   different groups at same time  ¤Ã¯â€š ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Sequential designs à  Ã¯Æ'   mixed